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There’s an enormous pig asleep outside our bedroom door, a large frog in the shower (which has hot water, yay!), a big ugly marabou stork patrolling the roof – we’re in Kampala, Uganda and everything feels bigger somehow.

Driving across the Rwandese border, the change is immediate, from the rubbish at the side of the road to the lack of ordered, official money-changers (just the blackmarketeers scrambling for our francs). We switch to left-hand drive and our bus is suddenly filled with standing, crowding passengers (in Rwanda it’s 1 passenger per seat and no standing). Speed restrictions out of the window now, we hurtle along and I take pleasure in being able to read the signs and posters we pass – English is the national language in Uganda and most people speak it. We follow ‘Mr Handsome’ (at least that’s what the trucker’s tailguard proclaims in massive capital letters), pass the turn off for the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest (straight out of a fairytale, surely), the Climax Hotel, Minge Motors, Brilliant High School…. We also pass several ‘herbal HIV clinics’ that advertise treatment and cure for HIV – depressing in a nation that made such early and successful progress towards tackling the disease, slashing infection rates to around 5%. The country is currently proposing to execute gay people who have the disease, though, in the latest example of extreme prejudice against this battered community.

We pass field upon field of banana plantations in the lush southwestern corner of Uganda, which feeds not just the nation but also its neighbours. As we journey alongside Lake Victoria, crossing the equator once more, the badly needed rain pelts down in a deluge of massive drops that fill the sky as only the tropical monsoon will. Most of the country has two rains a year, the first from March to June and the second from August till November. This year, the first rains failed across the region, leading to starvation and hunger even in normally wet regions, such as Jinja, the source of the mighty Nile. The drought hit the north and eastern parts – the borders of Sudan and Kenya – most severely, where they have not had good rains for the past four years. There, people and their animals have starved to death (the numbers vary according to whom I speak) and 80% of the population is on emergency food aid. Uganda’s east gets its rains on the winds from parched Kenya.

The general trend towards a drying of East African increasing severity and frequency of droughts, and shorter, more erratic rains) over the past 15 years fits with the leading climate model predictions for the region. Africans are expected to be the worst hit by climate change, suffering worsening droughts that will impact agricultural production, which here more than anywhere will directly reduce food availability. Whether you believe it is relevant or not – and most people I speak to think it is – Africans have contributed the least to climate change, belonging to the only continent bar Antarctica that has not yet industrialized (indeed, what little industrialization did take place prior to the 1980s, has more or less been reversed) – Africans contribute through deforestation and agricultural emissions.

If the 19th century was about Westerners stealing the people of Africa through the slave trade, and the 20th century was about Westerners stealing the resources of Africa through colonisation and unfair trade, then surely the 21st century is about Westerners stealing the water from Africa by climate-change-reduced rainfall and increased evaporation (from higher temperatures).

Last week, at the Commonwealth countries’ get together, Britain and France led the creation of a fund that will donate $10 billion a year to help developing countries cope with climate change. It’s paltry compared to the trillions that Ethiopian President Meles Zenawi (who heads the African delegation at the Copenhagen talks) believes the est morally owes developing nations. He asks why developed nations bail out bankers so easily but fail to help prevent starvation across continents.

Money is just money, though. Of course it can be used productively to help people adapt to or mitigate climate change. But will it be? When we talk about deaths from climate change, we are not talking about the weather killing people (apart from a tiny percentage of cases). People will die from climate change, that’s for certain – but they will be sped to their graves by poor governance, bad infrastructure, lack of access to markets, good seeds, social and gender inequalities and other types of marginalisation that make people’s lives so much harder and miserable. One small example: The bountiful crops from bananas and vegetables that I see growing on my journey from the Kabale border to Kampala are being destroyed in their fields by farmers who cannot sell them locally (due to the glut) and cannot sell them to those who are suffering famine conditions and literally starving to death a few hundred kilometres further northeast because the roads are so bad that they cannot be transported. It is cheaper for Ugandan farmers in the southwest to use this rich food as fertiliser (fertiliser is near-absent across the continent) than to sell it to Ugandans elsewhere dying for want of it. The rains are busy ruining vital road connections in the south; in the northeast, there has been no rain for 4 years – this may be attributed to climate change, but the terrible roads which make practical solutions impossible, are attributable to corruption/mismanagement of road-maintenance funds.

Our bus eventually pulls into Kampala, a tree-lined, polluted but relatively pleasant capital. The city is still recovering from devastation caused by Idi Amin’s and Obote’s destruction of infrastructure, buildings and general terror, but the atmosphere is upbeat. The music is great, gentle jazzy rhythms. At one point, I ask a local to translate the Lugandan lyrics. “It’s about a man who loves a married woman. She loves him too, so she kills her husband to be with him. But then, he worries that she might go off him and murder him for another man later, so he doesn’t want to be with her after all.” Oh.

I cross the city through the driving rain to meet Ambrose Agona, director of the National Agricultural Research Organisation. He’s an enormous bear of a man with a smile as generous as his handspan, and he towers above me. We get chatting about the challenges facing the Ugandan small-scale farmer. At one point, I have to lean in close to hear him, due to the battering noise of the heavy rains on the windows – “It is so terribly dry up there,” he is saying.

I’m going to visit some of these farmers over the next week or so – probably not the ones who are the very most affected, because they live on the militarised borders of Sudan and Kenya, and I had enough AK47 fun around Lake Turkana. But first, we are going to find some chimpanzees in the forests here. Can’t wait!

Leaving Rwanda

It is with mixed feelings that I leave Rwanda tomorrow, taking the morning bus from Kigali to Kampala in Uganda. In purely practical terms, we can’t afford to spend longer in Rwanda – it is the most expensive country we’ve visited and every Rwandan franc we’ve spent, we’ve ha to bring in because there is no sensible way for foreigners to obtain money here.

It’s naturally a very beautiful country, this ‘Land of a Thousand Hills’, and it harbours some of the most exciting mammals including gorillas and chimpanzees. But its human population has far to go before it becomes a comfortable society, I think, in this, the most densely populated country in Africa.

Janet, a Tutsi woman who spent the first 20 years of her life in a refugee camp in Uganda, is typical of the healing generation who have returned to the country to help build a positive nation. “We cannot always be looking back and blaming our neighbours for the genocide,” she says. “That way, we will never grow as a country. We have to look forward and encourage international investment so Rwanda becomes less poor.”

It’s not that easy, of course. Janet and her parents, like most other returnee refugees, arrived in the country near-penniless because in their absence, their land and house was taken over by Hutus. The government tries to rehouse people, but as Janet points out, taking back land and property from the people who now live there “would cause a whole lot of new problems”, so that is not the policy.

Most Rwandans lead hard lives, whether they were present during the genocide or outside the country, like Janet, who works in a laundromat in Kigali.

For dinner, it is Nick’s birthday so we visit a restaurant called Heaven, which works with genocide orphans and other disadvantaged Rwandans, training them in the restaurant business. It’s certainly no charitable sacrifice on our part – Heaven is the most delightful restaurant, with fantastic food, service by angels and they even bring me a blanket to keep off the chilly air as we sit outside (Nick’s fine in shorts). These young men and women, who serve us dinner so charmingly, are the future of this tiny, traumatised state. It is up to them whether Rwanda grows into a cohesive society with shared values and builds on its remarkable new ethos of anti-corruption. So much progress has been made since the genocide – new buildings, roads and towns have sprung up, with the president looking to Singapore for a model of success. The governance here outshines anywhere else we’ve been in Africa; Rwanda stands a good chance, I reckon.

Gorillas in our midst

Among the rules at the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda, is an instruction forbidding visitors from defecating in front of a gorilla. I’m pretty close to infringement the first time a male silverback turns to look me in the eyes.

There’s nothing quite like being looked at by a 200-plus kilo gorilla. It’s terrifying and exhilarating at the same time – a vast expanse of muscle, topped by intelligent, human eyes. One swipe of his massive King Kong hands and I would be crushed in an instant. But he has no such desire. he looks at me, through me, past me and walks off, the vegetation flattening away beneath his bulk.

Sitting in the forest surrounded by a large family of gorillas who play around me is undoubtedly a highlight of this journey – a highlight of my life. I can’t stop grinning. The feeling is incredible. I can’t believe these wonderful apes are living their relaxing lives out in this beautiful mist-draped forest on volcanic mountain slopes just an hour or so’s hike from the road where their busy hairless cousins lead such hectic, hard lives.

Two teenagers (males, aged 6 and 7) playfight, tumbling on top of each other, chasing and grabbing, playing tag until they are out of breath and panting. A tiny newborn suckles at the breast of her huge mother. Another baby experiments with headstands and toe-chewing. Another couple of infants run up a slope and then roll themselves down, and then run around in circles till they drop down dizzily. An adult male on the cusp of silverbackhood, with a few greying back patches, lies lazily on his back, rolls around to scratch with enormous fingers and brushes off tumbling infants. Someone else is swinging around in the trees behind us, while others munch at leaves and play in the vegetation next to us. Their favourite meal is bamboo shoots, but they eat most of the vegetation here, and supplement their diet with red ants for a bit of protein.

We requested to visit the Susa group of gorillas, which number 26, including several babies and 2 silverbacks. It’s the most famous group, studied extensively by Dian Fossey, and we were lucky. There are fewer than 400 mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) left in the wild, distributed among the forests here that carpet Rwanda, Uganda and the DR Congo. Each gorilla group is followed by armed guards that protect them from poachers, and visitors in groups of 8 max are allowed to visit half of the groups (the other half are only visited by researchers) for a maximum of 1 hour per day. As we approach, our guide introduces us and requests permission to approach the group using a series of grunts which are answered by the largest silverback. After what seems like 10 minutes, our guide tells us our hour is up and we have to leave our cousins. I can’t bear to say goodbye, but the gorillas barely acknowledge our departure and we leave them playing, eating and lazing around in their happy gorilla way.

Images and video will be uploaded as soon as we have opportunity!

Nation in recovery

After a genocide, how does society go on, its victims living side by side with perpetrators of unimaginable horror?

Rwanda is a nation in recovery. Fifteen years after a genocide that slaughtered over 1 million people, and displaced 7 million of the 9-million-strong population, the wounds remain raw and reminders are everywhere. I quickly lose count of the number of genocide memorial signs marking mass killings. Our bus from the Tanzanian border at Rusumo Falls to Kigali passes through Kibunge, for example, a town in which a church, convent and school acted as a killing centre for more than 20,000 people.

The government is trying hard to heal the country, but it’s an uphill struggle. Every week, more people are arrested for ‘promoting genocide ideology’, but for each arrest, there are many who go unchallenged. The traditional ‘Gacaca courts’, used for centuries to settle community disputes, have been revived to judge genocidaires. But witnesses and victims who speak at these courts regularly disappear under mysterious circumstances, later turning up dead in latrines or rivers. Victims of the genocide atrocities are intimidated and continue to suffer here – and that’s not even taking into account the continuing murders of Tutsis in the DRC and in refugee camps elsewhere. Genocide denial is another indignity victims face, with many people describing the orchestrated mass murder event as a ‘civil war’.

On Thursday, victims received another blow when the United Nations international Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Appeals Court overturned the 2008 conviction and 20-year sentence for genocide handed to one of the key architects of the slaughter. Protais Zigiranyirazo (‘Mr Z’), brother-in-law to the former president and a man so vile that his catalogue of activities include involvement in the 1985 murder of US primate researcher Dian Fossey as well as being a member of the inner circle of 1994 genocide organisers and planners. The appeals court threw out the conviction because of “serious errors” in the way the judgement was written. Mr Z was free to go, and he celebrated his release with a huge ostentatious party at Stiggies in Arusha – the bar’s Australian owner relishing in telling how he put ‘Release me’ on the juke box as he entered, and then played a popular Rwandan genocide-denial song as he walked down the stairs. I am appalled that the Appeals Court didn’t order a retrial if there were technical problems with the original judgement.

Our bus winds around steep volcanic mountains, carpeted with lush vegetation. Forests climb the slopes and crops from wheat to banana, tea to apples, crowd the flatter sections. Unlike many other places in Africa where rainfed agriculture is the norm, Rwanda has well-maintained irrigation structures, at least in these parts. It is also noticeably cleaner than its neighbours – plastic bags are banned (my brother, who flew in with shrink-wrapped luggage, had to remove the plastic before entering the country), the monthly community action keeps drainage and sewerage clear, and there is a general pride in cleanliness whereby it is culturally unacceptable to litter the streets. This clean-up extends to other aspects of society too. Corruption is almost non-existent now, following huge efforts by the president, and crime and the usual hassles are also near-absent. Kigali feels very safe, very clean, very European in fact.

But civilization is such a very thin veneer.

The origins to the genocide go back to 1932, when the Belgian colonial government introduced – for the usual reasons of divide-and-rule control – identity cards, splitting the cohesive population along socio-economic lines. Anyone who owned more than 10 cows was classed a Tutsi; less than 10 cows meant a person was a Hutu – and this applied to their descendants too. Batwa pygmies were classed as neither Hutu or Tutsi but generally discriminated against. The Belgians then organised society to favour the Tutsis and added a large dose of the then-popular eugenic theory to the mix, thus creating a society based on inequality, resentment and division. Ripe, in other words, for conflict.

Creating a genocide requires something more. Among the ingredients for this one was the Belgian policy of arming the Hutus and training them, an intense government-led propaganda hate campaign instructing and justifying killing of Tutsis, and plenty of help from the French – French soldiers, for example, helped identify Tutsis at roadblocks, and in 1993, the government completed an arms deal worth $12 million aided by loans from the French government. There was nothing spontaneous about the ethnic cleansing of Tutsis.

Genocide was instant. Roadblocks sprang up across Kigali, prepared death lists of names were distributed and Hutu gangs went from door to door murdering, torturing and raping Tutsis. Neighbours turned on neighbours, friends on friends, even family members murdered their own. The catalogue of atrocities is too gruesome and sickening to detail, but it includes a practice of deliberately infecting women with HIV, targeting women and children in particular for brutal, pain-prolonging attacks. By the end, there were over 300,000 orphans and more than 85,000 children were head of their household in a country in which the infrastructure had been destroyed, homes demolished and the ability to govern dismantled. The streets were littered with corpses; dogs had to be shot in Kigali because they had developed the taste for human flesh. 99.7% of children interviewed in 1995 had witnessed violence, 86% had seen dead bodies, 68% had themselves experienced brutality. There were more than 2 million refugees, many of whom continue to suffer refugee status in camps in Tanzania and Uganda.

UN Commander General Dallaire, based in Kigali, requested assistence prior to the genocide, estimating that just 5,000 troops with the authority could stop the genocide. Instead, the UN mission was recalled. The number of foreign troops used in the evacuation of foreigners from the country would have been enough to stop the genocide. The guy who ordered the UN mission to be recalled was Kofi Anan – he went on to be the UN Secretary General.

“At first it feels like a nightmare, but then you realise that it’s real because you don’t get to see their faces anymore,” explains one 60-year-old man, who watched his wife of 25 years and two sons murdered with machetes in front of him by a family friend.

On our bus to the lake resort town of Gisenyi, we get chatting to a bright lad called Yves Rwibutso, who has good English and helps us find a guesthouse when we arrive after dark. We invite him to join us for a beer and we chat about the project he is starting up to help orphans. We drink beer and talk about poverty, about Obama, about African politics. He is 22 years old. After a time, I ask him for his story.

Yves was six years old in 1994, when his father, a professor of political science in Calgary University was requested to return to Rwanda. His old colleagues asked him to come back because with the peace process, there was hope that the country could be improved, and Chris Rwibutso could start up a political sciences department at the university in Butare. The family travelled to Uganda, and Chris crossed into Uganda full of hope. Within one month genocide was launched and he was dead.

“I am a genocide orphan,” Yves says, smiling apologetically at the bad news, “but it’s fine.” Then: “My parents were murdered, but it’s fine,” he adds as a reflex.

The peace process ended with the main political leaders’ plane being shot down on its way back from peace talks in Arusha. Chris was arrested soon after and, hearing no news of his whereabouts, Yves’ mother Alexia, went with Yves to Kigali to find him. Chris was released a month later, badly tortured and injured, but alive. A few days later it was his and his wife’s joint birthday, and a day before their wedding anniversary – they decided to throw a party. Close friends and family were invited, as were a couple of close colleagues, including the lecturer who had invited him back to Rwanda. This lecturer was asked to speak by Chris, early on in the festivities. He stood and said: “You should say goodbye t your family. Now is your time to die.” As the party stood in shocked silence, armed militia stormed in and began killing. Yves watched as his two parents were hacked to death. Yves was left for dead, but despite slashes to his stomach and multiple head wounds, he survived, owing his life to a Hutu woman who picked his lifeless body from the pile of death and carried him away, hidden on her back under a shawl.

Yves story doesn’t end there, it begins. The next 15 years of his short life are filled with more incidents of murder, misery, discrimination and suffering. And yet, from it all, Yves has emerged a sweet, gentle young man, with a university degree in political sciences and a desire to help other orphans. His two sisters, aged 11 and 13 in 1994, escaped with relatives to Uganda. For many years, the survivors believed Yves had died with his parents. “My sisters are both atheists now and they live in Germany,” Yves says. “They hate Rwanda and would never live here after what happened.

The Rwandan genocide was not the first and is unlikely to be the last. What turns so many ordinary people into killing machines? Could what happened here, in Bosnia, in Germany happen in, say Britain? We have had tribal conflict in the form of football hooliganism. We’ve had inexplicable national hysteria when Diana died, for example.

Genocide does not arise mysteriously from nowhere. Every genocide has had obvious signs, starting with a margianalised group that is deliberately targeted in hate campaigns. Where in the world is that happening now? Where will the next genocide occur? Can we prevent it this time?

Westward ho

We take a bus from the heart of the Serengeti westwards to Lake Victoria. We pass trees hung with beehives, like bongo-drum fruit, Masai herding cows, small mud hut villages and people planting crops from bananas to rice. Lake Victoria shimmers under a seeting sun. It’s the largest in Africa, second largest in the world, and crowned with architectural boulder formations that remind us of Hampi in India. We overnight in Mwanza, a pleasant low-key town that’s the second largest city in the country, and try to find out which bus to get the next day to the Rwandan border.

In the end, this proves impossible as everyone has conflicting information, so we travel along the long tarmac road (joy) south to Kahama, pausing while someone loads and then unloads an entire kingsize bed plus matress into the small overcrowded bus. There are no rules against overcrowding buses or dalla-dallas (minivans) in Tanzania. The more people that the greedy companies can stuff in the better. They are driven dangerously and poorly maintained. While we drive along uncomfortably, we hear from a fellow passenger of another bus a few kilometres south of us near Dodoma, which catches fire, killing the majoriity onboard. Twenty badly injured people are thought to survive, and our passenger frantically phones his friends (on that bus) to hear if they survived. He can’t get through.

Delay follows delay and it becomes clear that we won’t make it across the border tonight. we decide to overnight near the border at Benaco and cross the next day. We pass a UNHCR refugee camp for Rwandans and know that we’re nearby. As darkness falls, glow-worms twinkle in the verges and we stop for the night.

In the morning, we cross the border at Rusumo Falls, a torrent of water gushing under the border-bridge that we walk across, monkeys playing in the trees and eagles flying in the mist hung air. We switch to French and try to get transport to Kigali. Impossible, we are told. Today is the monthly community action day – a national holiday in when all Rwandans work on community projects such as road maintenance, drainage clearance and other good works – so no vehicles are allowed on the roads at all before midday/before 11 am/for the next 16 hours, depending on who we speak to. We have breakfast listening to some terrible French pop music over the radio, wait and wait some more.

On safari

The Hadzabi people have nothing; no animals, no land, just the clothes on their backs. And, crucially, the skills and resourcefulness to produce everything they need from their environment. We travel 4-hours west from Arusha to Lake Eyasi to meet this tribe of hunter-gatherers and find them sitting in gender-segregated groups, with the men playing small lute-like stringed instruments and applying a poisonous tree resin to their metal arrow-heads. They light a small fire by rapidly twisting a hardwood twig into a softwood stick. It soon smoulders and Nick, intrigued, has a go too.

The Hadzabi live in groups of about 15 people and speak a unique language of clicks that is very different from other click languages elsewhere in the country. The tribe is believed to have been living in this area for at least 10,000 years, although their ancestral range has been shrinking as their land is swallowed up by farmers, government-designated conservation areas and private game reserves. Indigenous rights organisations are legally challenging the government to provide a hunting area for the Hadzabi, but so far nothing has been done. Most groups are highly secretive and flee approach because they fear it means more people trying to capture them and move them on. But a relationship has developed between a couple of groups and a local Eyasi village, and villager Edward introduces us to one of these groups and acts as translator.

More than half of Hadzabi children die before age five, from malaria usually, but also from other treatable diseases. A large proportion of women die giving birth, too, hemmorhaging in the bush or succoming to any of the other dangers out here, including sleeping sickness transmitted by the tetse flies (or ‘testes flies’ as we have started to call them, due to their habit of zoning in on men’s crotch areas). Edward’s group is trying to get women in labour to hospital in time, and children to schools, but it’s a struggle. Among the many problems is the fact that people are culturally scared of buildings – “Being under a roof is thought to be fatal and so children only stay in school a month or so, and women are scared of giving birth in a hospital and refuse to come,” Edward explains.

The group of five men and boys stands up as one and begins to walk off, carrying bows and arrows. One of the men, with a head decoration made from baboon fur, is clearlt the leader. He carries the longest, most decorated bow. We follow the group, trotting and sometimes running to keep up as they search the tree foliage and bushes for animal prey. A bushbaby is spotted and there is excitement as the men take aim and fire arrows into the branches. I hold my breath. “I don’t want to eat anything with ‘baby’ in its name,” Emily says.

It gets away, I am secretly relieved, and we move on. The thorny bushes grab at us as we hurry past, snagging our clothes and ensnaring our hair. The Hadzabi are all bare footed. We pass trees and shrubs that provide supplementary food here, including sour, juicy tamarind berries and plants whose roots can be crushed for juice or eaten for medicine and vitamins. Meat is plentiful here at the moment, now the rains have arrived. They mostly catch small creatures like birds and rodents, but a baboon is good. The baboons here are understandably skittish of these people, though. Sometimes, a bufallo ’strays from the reserve’, we are told, which makes a delicious and long-lasting feast.

Ahead, the men have spotted something in the trees. They surround it with their bows taught, arrows poised. This time they are successful. One of the boys climbs a tree to retrieve the arrow and a small bird speared halfway down it, its wings still fluttering pitifully. One of the men pulls the bird off the arrow, sticks its tiny head in his mouth and bites its neck to sever its spine. Then the kill is stuffed into his belt and we continue onwards.

An hour or so later, there are two birds (Nick puts the second fluttering bird out of its misery, breaking its neck with bloodied hands, as we look on in horror) and a squirrel in his belt and we make our way back to the camp, where the creatures are cooked on a fire and we all share the meal. Nick and David become predictably excited and competitive over an archery tryout, attempting to hit a target a few metres away. I find it difficult just withdrawing the sinuous bowstring, let alone hitting the target.

We leave the group as we found them, sitting on the ground, strumming their instruments.

We continue westwards through one of Tanzania’s few irrigated areas – the onion farming belt – past Laeteli in the Olduval Gorge, where Mary Leaky discovered the oldest human footprints, dating back some 3 million years. We pass lush landscape and overgrazed plains, where Masai herd their cattle and goats as they have done for centuries. They wear decorative beads and red tartan blankets. They are either barefoot or shod in simple rubber sandals made from old tyres. The governement has moved them from their ancestral lands on the Serengeti, allowing them only a relatively small section of Ngorogoro and its surrounds. It’s a hotly contested issue (mainly argued by agencies on the Masai’s behalf), the Masai haven’t been compensated for the loss of their homeland. When I see the unparalelled Serengeti, with its lush grasses not reduced by livestock as it is everywhere else, I see what the Tanzanian government is trying to do. Endangered animals vs. endangered way of life.

We head to the world’s largest complete volcanic crater, at Ngorogoro. It’s an incredible site: a vast, perfect circle of steep-sided earth surrounding a flat plain with lakes. All of Africa’s main plains mammals are here, except giraffes, which can’t make it down the steep sides on account of their ridiculous design! Giant tuskers stand in groups – so much larger than their Asian counterparts. The pink soup at the edge of the alkaline lakes turns out to be gatherings of flamingoes, and among them walk jackels and hyenas. The grass is black with bufallo and wildebeast that have migrated back south from the Masai Mara in Kenya. They move in crowds or strangely ordered lines, with their stripy necks and golden beards shimmering in the sun. Black and white stripy zebras graze among them like nicely decorated circus horses.

Our jeep driver is hunting for another creature altogether: more jeeps. He finds a gathering of half-a-dozen vehicles and we speed over to them, the four of us in the back clinging to the car’s metal skeleton as we race around. The attraction is soon visible, a decidedly lazy pride of lions, lolling around regally in the grass. As we approach, the large male heaves his big head up a few inches, before deciding that it’s far too much effort and dropping back down. He rolls onto his back, enormous back paws inelegantly skywards and one front paw resting on his massive full stomach. And there he remains for the next hour. Lions that have recently fed are not prone to energetic displays it seems.

We leave them eventually and search for more. Across the plain, two black rhinos, mother and calf, walk towards us like prehistoric tanks of muscle. It’s amazing seeing these huge celebrity animals so close – they don’t seem real, they are such strange and different shapes and sizes. But it’s slightly unreal, seeing them from our jeep like this. They are completely wild (livid!) and we are in their zone, but something about the perfect circle of the crater and the other tourists makes it feel set up. I finally realise what is missing, it’s fear. Many of these animals are close enough to kill the lot of us, yet I feel no fear because I know they won’t. It’s a bizarre sensation – I wouldn’t enjoy the experience half as much if I thought I was going to be eaten, but…

Crossing into the Serengeti, this feeling of unreality evaporates. The Serengeti is simply vast, with the world’s biggest collection of large mammals in the world. Against a backdrop of thousands of migrating wildebeest, our jeep is small – it’s nothing in a landscape that stretches eye-achingly far, with a horizon that goes on forever. Serengeti means ‘never-ending plains’ in the language of the Masai.

We spend the next couple of days happily hunting animals with camera lens and binoculars. We see cheetah stalking and hunting its prey in an exhilerating flash of muscle and tendon. We find different prides of lions with their kill or just hanging out being big pussycats. We come across a leopard, slung smugly over a branch with its impala dinner tucked into a crevice above. Families of warthogs grunt around and splash happily in muddy pools on their stumpy legs. Panic-stricken dik-diks skip past, big-eyed – they are everyone’s favourite dinner. We see ugly yet magestic maribou stork, waiting like the vultures for the opportunity to steal from a carcass. Bat-eared foxes dart out of burrows in the rusty termite mounds and hippos wallow in magnificant blubbery ugliness, bunched up together in too-small pools. At night, tucked up in sleeping bags in our flimsy tents, we hear bufallo munching past us, lions roar and leopards call. “If you go to the toilet in the night, use your torch because the lions often come into the campsite,” our guide tells us. Nobody needs the toilet in the night, strangely.

The Serengeti exceeds my expectations and none of us can bear to leave. People we have met talk about ’safari fatigue’ – I guess I’m immune.

Into Tanzania

What a difference a border makes. We cross over to Tanzania leaving behind Kenya, guns and tribal conflict. Here, the people are Tanzanian first and tribal second – many have no idea to which of the more than 100 tribes they belong, and it’s an uninteresting question anyway because there are no significant social or class divisions based on tribe. Tanzania has its own problems, of course, including a heavy dependency on aid and a national debt burden that costs it annually four times what it spends on education and health.

We catch glimpses of the world’s highest free-standing mountain, Kilimanjaro, through the clouds, its glaciers shimmering unexpectedly above the tropical heat below. On tarmacked roads that feel incredibly luxurious after the bumpy dirt-track of Kenya, we arrive by matatu at the town of Moshi, where, in the maelstrom that greets our every arrival, I find a hand in my bag. Quick as a flash, I grab the man by the wrist and yell out, checking frantically that nothing is missing. Luckily I was fast enough to thwart him, and all is there. But my yelling has generated a vengeful crowd who attack the would-be thief, hitting him until I feel almost sorry for them and beg them to stop. He runs off.

The next day we meet my lovely brother and his girlfriend, David and Emily at Kilimanjaro airport and we all travel to Arusha, where we stay with a friend, a prosecution lawyer at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Rwanda, which has been running since the genocide in 1994. In one of humanity’s darkest hours, the Hutu tribe led a goevrnment sanctioned massacre of thousands of minority tribe Tutsis, aiming to slaughter them all. They succeeded in wiping out three-quarters of the Tutsi population in horrific acts of violence, rape and murder, the perpetrators of which are slowly facing trial.

These trials, on behalf of the United nations Security Council, were supposed to have been wrapped up by 2008. But, with many still unheard, the ICT applied to the Security Council for more money to the end of this year. It is about to apply again. Two new top-echelon arrests were made in recent months, who will be tried, and attempts to refer some of the trials to other countries, including the Netherlands and Rwanda, have so far failed because the countries don’t have ICT-compliant laws or are unsuitable. For example, trials in Rwanda of these top government officials, those who led the genocide, have not been okayed because of the risk of witness intimidation there.

We went to a bizarrely ‘white’ festival in Arusha, the annual Christmas fair, at which some of the few Africans we spoke to turned out also to be lawyers at the ICT. There’s an English-speakers v. French-speakers social split among the lawyers here – everyone involved in the trial is supposed to be bilingual, but in fact, apart from the Canadians, few are. It feels a bit like a war-correspondents’ club for lawyers here. Our friend tells us that most people here are escaping something in their lives. They come here to work, immersed for years in the most horrific genocide trial, the details of which produce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in even the hardest court staff. their marriages fall apart, they become alcoholics and depressives. Our friend, who is likely leaving in December after two years here, says she has seen colleagues change and crumble out here – nobody can stay untouched, she says.

And the controversial question remains: is it worth it; is this international trial process going to help anyone in Rwanda. Without doubt, it is worth it and vitally important, our friend says, passionately. “After the big guys go down, we get call after call on our mobile phones from grateful, tearful people in Rwanda thanking us.” Even if the dead and their living survivors can never be recompensed, it is important to show the world that the international community will punish those who commit such terrible crimes – that they are not immune. With this and the Yugoslavian trial underway in the Hague, the phrase “never again” is surely hollow. Our friend says that none of the big criminals convicted in the trials have ever shown any remorse – “they don’t even blink when they are convicted” – but for Tutsis Rwandans who were so bitterly betrayed by the international community 15 years ago, each conviction must be some apology.

We are heading off on a safari (‘journey’ in Swahili) for a few days.

Swahili slowdown

Lamu – even the name is pleasing, rolling around the mouth like a lazy slurp of Baileys. We’re on an island off the east coast – back on the Indian Ocean. We’ve seen the ocean from both sides now (apologies to Joni Mitchell), from Kerala to the Maldives, and now we’re heading down its western flank on our slow route south to Cape Town.

But we’ll stop here, on shores fringed alternatively by mangroves and golden sands, choosing the little fishing village of Shela on Lamu island, for a much-needed few days’ rest. We rent a top floor apartment in a traditional Swahili palm-roofed, stone house, with a broad veranda, sunny terrace and large cool room. From here, we can see over the bay, watching fishing boats come and go, furling and unfurling their sails. We can see across the mangroves to the other islands beyond – most, uninhabited – and across the sand dunes to the long, long beach behind. Whale carcasses regularly wash up on the beach and there are sun-bleached bones and complete skeletons of these vast creatures on the sand like stone sculptures.

The difference from Nairobi couldn’t be more stark. The air here is clean and fresh, there is little noise, no traffic at all unless you count the zonkeys (stripey donkeys) trudging up and down with their loads, or the occasional camel. It is also, happily, very unthreatening. Even last year’s post-election violence passed Lamu by. AK-47s, available elsewhere for less than US$10, and reportedly exchangeable in the north around Turkana for a loaf of bread, are absent here. The only aggression I’ve seen, is of a small boy hitting his stubborn zonkey with a stick.

Our days slide into a comforting regularity: I wake early and stroll to the beach to buy fish for our supper from the fishermen returning from their night trips. We have a lovely breakfast of warm juicy mangoes or papaya with limes or oranges or all three, boil up water for Swahili tea and coffee and eat the local triangle-shaped donut pastries with it (these are actually best eaten dipped in honey, but the honey we’ve bought here has been a sort of vile black treacle that neither of us can eat).

We prepare tomato and onion salad with capsicum and chilli peppers and garlic and carrot if we find it for lunch, with boiled eggs and chapatis. And dinner is our fish with rice and veggies, or we go out to eat as a treat – it’s pricey, here. In the evenings, when it becomes too dark for reading, we sit on our terrace and watch for shooting stars and follow the bats flying around the blackness like errant shooting stars, squeaking and clicking at each other. The peace is broken every so often by the many shagging cats (there are no dogs here) or a madly braying zonkey, mournfully singing out in the only way it can.

Lamu is the oldest continually inhabited town on this coast. Like most of the eastern coast, it is almost entirely Muslim. Women in burqa pass down the narrow twisty alleyways between tall, whitewashed houses like ghosts in negative, and almost as invisible, which is perhaps the idea. There are plenty of faces to see though, and they are friendly and cheerful. Swahili cities once thrived along this entire coast, the sultans trading with merchants from the Arab world, India and even China, exchanging spices, slaves, gold and African beasts for silks, ceramics and other goods, from as early as the 7th century. They were eventually usurped by conquerors from Oman and Portugal (Vasco da Gama, again!), and the Swahili language of the coast, which was made Kenya’s national language during the British era, is a great mix of Arabic, African and Portuguese words.

Like everywhere else we’ve been in the developing world, it’s is the women who do the majority of the work here. Groups of young and old men, sit around lazily in the shade, while women walk past them, carrying huge bundles, baby strapped in a sling across their back and often a toddler in tow. Only about half of the people here are negro Africans, the others are Arabs who have lived here for generations, and they own most of the businesses and property here. Some of the best property is owned by white people, though. Represented here are the usual, slightly weird community of Europeans that have spent large portions of their lives living in Africa doing dodgy or legitimate trade across the continent and so don’t fit in in Europe anymore or can’t afford the luxurious standard of lifestyle (a few servants) that they are used to in Africa; South African whites or white Kenyans, Ugandans etc, escaping the violence and politics of elsewhere for a second home here or a retirement home; and Europeans who have visited Lamu on holiday once or twice and decided to open a hotel or buy a holiday home here. These last have the most trouble. Unused to African ways, they arrive with their big plans and European ideas of efficiency, only to be gradually worn down by the frustrations of the process. The only arguments we’ve heard have been between angry shouty Europeans screaming at locals about rules and lawyers and the like. Nothing gets done around here like that.

But, if they do succeed, the results are often wonderful. We’ve peaked into ancient palaces fully and faithfully restored by Westerners, into new-built hotels created in Swahili style around a planted courtyard and beautifully finished. If we had lots of money, we might stay in one of these lovely buildings.

But we are more than happy with our home here. In a few days we must leave, travel down the coast to Malindi (which involves getting a bus as far as the point where the bridge was washed away in last weeks’ rains, then wading across with our bags and getting another bus from the other bank), then on to Mombasa, the British colonial capital. From there, we will go to Voi and then change bus to Taveta, travelling down to Tanzania to Kilimanjaro, where my brother and his girlfriend are coming out to meet us. Very nice!

Roots of the problem

Famine and Africa seem so synonymous that it’s almost not worth questioning the relationship. As East Africa reels from one of its worst droughts in living memory and enters into what looks likely to be an El Nino calamity, I wonder how things might be different. The biggest problem most African nations face, Peter Okoth tells me, is the lack of government subsidies for agriculture.

In the 1970s, the IMF and World Bank convinced African leaders to remove government subsidies for farmers on the logic that the free market would drive production. With UK farmers getting 55% subsidies, Australian 45%, Japan 40%, and so on, what this did was massively disadvantage African farmers. A Kenyan farmer pays four times as much as a US farmer for a litre of fertilizer, for example. (There is no fertilizer production on the continent, so it is all imported, adding to its cost.) Without subsidies, farmers can’t afford bad years, plant less and are crippled by debts from loans just to buy seeds. The cost of fertilizers have risen fourfold in the past year because petrol prices have soared.

Three years ago, the Malawi president, who being minister for agriculture, took a keen interest, failed to secure international loans and aid and so decided to introduce subsidies for farmers- the first sub-Saharan country to do so. Agricultural production rose 500% in those farmers included in the pilot project (nearly half of all farmers), they have closed the grain gap from 8 months (time during which the granary stores are empty) to two months, and some have 2 months’ surplus. In going against the World Bank, Malawi has created a production level that now enables it to sell maize to Zimbabwe and Kenya, unthinkable four years ago.

Kenya is now making noises in the same direction, but with an administration mired in corruption and with a President, who has so many other things higher up in his mind, the scheme is unlikely to be as successful. For a start, it’s not clear how subsidies will be administered and who will receive them. The government this week doubled the agricultural budget from 4% to 8%, though. It’s still shy of the 10% ‘Millennium Goals’ that governments agreed in 2006, but it’s something. And in a country where crops are almost exclusively rainfed, the government is making noises about improving irrigation.

It’s a long, slow, painful process, although much-needed. Deforestation and environmental degradation have made much of this vast land unsuitable for agriculture, rains have leeched away minerals and nutrients and erosion and salination plague formerly lush forests. But regeneration is possible, even in the most hostile environments. Okoth is a scientist working on the Below Ground Biodiversity Programme at the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute, part of the World Agroforestry Centre. His offices are set in lush gardens opposite the United Nations buildings, 20 minutes and a world away from the smoggy chaos of central Nairobi. Okoth’s topic of research is soil – what’s in it that plants like, how to make it more amenable to roots and resistant to disease. He identifies fungi and bacteria that help to fix the nitrogen, that plants need for growth, to their roots and encourages roots to frow more filaments faster. Using nitrogen-fixing microbes means farmers can get away with adding less fertilisers, which is cheaper and less polluting. It’s more efficient too – planting promiscuous soybean (a crop that enhances nitrogen-fixing) can concentrate up tp 120 kg of nitrogen per hectare of soil, which is far better than industrial fertilisers. He finds other organisms that cure or prevent diseases like blight in crops like maize. He can turn dust into a thriving nutritious ecosystem.

One example of this is in a former mine near Mombasa, where his team has turned a rocky impenetrable ground into a thriving ecosystem. First, they planted a few pine trees, he says, then they created a carpet of needles on which they introduced a few earthworms. The worms created soil and other plants could grow. I haven’t seen the plot, but it sounds interesting. Whether schemes like this can be repeated throughout the country is another question. Underpinning every effort like this is a team of NGOs, research scientists or small community. But they face enormous challenges from government incompetence, poverty, lack of education and traditional practices of charcoal burning and over grazing.

Sometimes, it seems to me like the only solution is for a small body of scientists, including a hydrogeologist, agricultural expert, biologist, meteorologist and ecologist to come together and without interference from social, economic or political factions, look at the entire African continent and draw up a crop, forestation, mangrove and grassland planting strategy according to water availability and climate. I wonder what Africa would look like. My guess is there would be no more starvation – the continent could feed us all and still have room for its wildlife. But perhaps I’m wrong.

One thing is certain, we’ve had enough of Nairobi. We’ll head east to the coast.

South to Nairobi

Determined not to make the same mistake as before, Nick and I make sure we have two water bottles as we head off on the perilous journey south to Nairobi. As we wait to leave, Fabio carrying outlast-minute checks on the vehicle, the car is mobbed as it always is when we are stationary, by dozens of kids, who clamber an and around us, fire questions at us, gasp at Nick’s tattoos and generally regard us as the travelling circus come to town. Their favourite part of the car by a long way is the wing mirrors, which hold bizarre fascination for children and adults alike, who grab at the mirrors, almost yanking them off and peer at themselves pulling various faces and expressions until they are shoved out of the way by another’s face. Nick spends much of the journey readjusting wing mirrors after every stop so that Fabio can use them while he’s driving.

We head off, after much negotiating, with a cargo of Turkana women and their filled-up water cans to save them the 35 km walk back to their village. They are delighted with this rare ride and entertain us by belting out songs for the journey. But Fabio is sombre. He checks the mirrors continually, worried about the white smoke gusting out of the exhaust. We’re burning oil.

We arrive at the village, where the women and their water are unloaded and we are greeted warmly like returning friends. This is the village we passed yesterday and bought incense from, and where the goats had been stolen by a neighbouring tribe. We ask about the goats, but the warriors have not yet returned. The schoolteacher shows me the three small bags of grain he has to feed all the children, donated by the mission. It’s not much.

Fabio is anxious to get going – we have a long journey ahead and it’s already afternoon. We say our goodbyes and head on. After a few hundred kilometres, the road forks and we take the smaller track. Fabio explains that the main track is plagued by banditry. “Men with guns shoot at the cars and steal everything,” he says. Besides, the small track is shorter. I wonder why everyone else doesn’t take the smaller track – although, by ‘everyone else’, I’m not sure to whom I’m referring; we’ve only passed one other vehicle and it was an army jeep. “Most cars can’t come this way because of the hill,” Fabio says.

Within 50 kilometres, I see what he means. Our LandRover has crossed two creeks – one of which seemed scarily deep – with no problem at all, and is trundling across boulders of rock, when the track seems to disappear. Fabio shifts to first gear and we quite literally climb a near-vertical, sheer rock face. The engine revs and the chassis creaks in complaint, but for at least one kilometre we climb the mountain of rock, while I hold my breath and wonder if we’ll crash backwards and down. Even donkeys would balk at this route, so I have no idea how we manage to seemingly overcome the laws of physics, but eventually we are at the top and the only way is down.

The white smoke and the smell of burning oil has become stronger during the journey and Fabio is anxious that it is a sign that the piston rings have worn down, causing oil to leak and the bore to rub against the piston. Nick reckons it’s a broken valve seal. I have no idea, but I can tell from everybody’s expressions that it’s not good. There are no mechanics out here. Fabio knows an Indian LandRover enthusiast who lives in a village on the other route, but it is unlikely he’d have the part we need. It’s about this time that a problem develops with the brakes, which nobody can fathom.

For the moment, we carry on driving. Night is falling and Fabio tries in vain to call the mission at Barseloi to ask if we can stay the night. In the end, we just turn up.

It’s a beautiful house built by Italian missionaries 15 years ago, with a huge veranda that runs right the way around it, and in a lovely position on the top of a hill overlooking the village with a small path leading to the nunnery. The two fathers, one Columbian, one from Bolivia, greet us warmly and welcome us inside for dinner. They hastily rearrange what was clearly intended to be a modest dinner for two into a meal for all five of us, generously sharing their little among us all. It’s a lovely dinner and the priests are all great friends, I see, all young and drawn closer together in solidarity over the harsh lives they lead. All have been shot at, faced angry tribal groups and the frustration of seeing their labours destroyed, from the schools they build being burned down, to children they have helped nurture and educate being killed by conflict, disease or malnutrition. They chat to us, laughing good-naturedly at the mistakes I make in my rusty Spanish. I accidentally say rude words, which produces guffaws. Fabio explains how he, when invited by a friendly Muslim man for dinner, a couple of years ago, spent the whole evening complimenting his wife on her lovely vagina until, during an after-dinner stroll in the garden, the husband explained that although the Swahili for ‘dinner’ and ‘vagina’ are similar, there is a crucial difference that he was missing. Mortified, Fabio now skirts around the word ‘dinner’ in Swahili conversation.

During his two month visit to a mission in London to learn English, Fabio slipped up in English too. He delivered a Christmas speech on the behest of his hosts, about the Three Wise Men and their treasures. “Joseph cried: ‘Open your trousers and reveal your gift…’,” he announced, not expecting the sudden laughter. Even in the telling, Fabio pronounces treasures and trousers almost indistinguishably. These are funny little trompes of the tongue, not at all like the misunderstandings that lead one tribe to feel that the mission is favouring another tribe when it builds a school, and so burns it down.

We are shown to our room – “careful of scorpions in the bathroom” – and warned to use the mosquito nets. A couple of years ago, an Italian priest staying here alone, contracted cerebral malaria and, with his car broken-down and no way of calling for help, died horribly. Fabio sleeps with his ghost – just one more of the many casualties of life out here that we hear about.

Next morning, Fabio is checking the car, which seems to have righted itself of the white smoke problem over night – although not the brake one. We stroll over to the Sisters’ building and are greeted with two young Columbian and one Ecuadorian sister, broad smiles and neatly pressed habits. They produce freshly baked bread and jostle and tease Fabio till he blushes. We have coffee and hear more extraordinary tales of life out here before we head back to the Brothers, where our breakfast waits. The priests are getting ready to head to their distant communities to deliver cholera medication – there is quite an epidemic around here at the moment, killing babies and old people mainly.

We have a bowl of the most delicious creamy acacia honey I’ve tasted. There’s a small bird here known as the honey bird, which drinks the honey. But it can’t get past the fierce bees to get its tipple, so it’s developed a relationship with the honey badger, a small mammal that also likes honey but which doesn’t know where it is. The bird shows the badger where to find the honey, flying a little way ahead of it to guide it. The badger then raids the hive, driving off the scary bees, so that both bird and badger can drink their fill. Some local people have learned to watch the badger and the honey bird to find the honey. And the bird has realised that people are faster and smarter than the badger, driving the bees off with smoke, and so the bird now calls to these people and takes them directly to the honey, bypassing the poor badger. The mission priests here are working with the locals to encourage honey collecting so the villagers can trade it in Nairobi for what is becoming a growing livelihood, helping families whose animals have died.

Before 8, it’s already time to leave and bid goodbye to these lovely priests and nuns – we’re going to try to make it down to Nairobi by tonight. We head off, full-bellied, watered and well-slept. The car appears to be behaving itself and all is good. We drive for a few hours, spotting giraffes and zebras, ostriches and baboons. Before long, though, we’re back to scanning the road for would-be assassins. This is a stretch where the Borana tribespeople often attack, Fabio says. Soon after, we get a puncture. It’s too risky to stop here, Fabio tells us, so we judder along a kilometre or so to the entrance gates of the national park, where a couple of armed guards stand duty. While we change the tyre under the watchful gaze of the guards, Fabio repeatedly tells us how lucky we are that the tyre burst here and not a few hundred metres further up the track, where there would have been nothing we could have done. The tribes are no longer a problem further up, but the reason for this, it transpires, is that their patch of violent activity has been taken by a bigger menace: banditry.

As we continue on our nervous way, Fabio driving faster than usual, he says that the bandits on this raod are so bad, that when the government minister came from Nairobi in a convoy with the chief of police to assess the problem a few months ago, the entire cavalcade was held by bandits that took everything and left the minister standing in the road with only his clothes. Priests’ cars are often attacked, he says, as I try to focus on the lesser problem of the brake fault. When we stopped, Nick tied a shoelace to secure the wobbly brake line in place, which we hope has helped.

Every few kilometres along the road, a newly erected camp of army tents stands like a welcome totem of law and order. They were not here a few weeks ago, Fabio says. I hope that this very visible army presence is enough to thwart our would-be attackers, but as Nick and I filter shapes out of the landscape in a now familiar way, searching for gun-carrying men and boys, and of these, trying to pick out the ones who mean us harm, nothing is certain. After a few long hours, Fabio announces that the danger is now over, we are unlikely to get attacked from here on, he says, at a point indiscernible from the road before.

We shrug off some anxiety and the next half hour passes more easily and soon we are in Nyahururu, a small, unfreindly feeling town with few smiles and a dusty desolation. Fabio gets cellphone reception and he calls the mission here to ask them if we can have lunch there. It’s after 2, and the priests there have already eaten but they say they can rustle something up. This is an Italian mission, and they know how to eat! We have delicious marinated beef, real olive oil and balsamic vinegar, tomatoes, toast and parmesan. We can’t believe our luck, wolfing it down greedily. The Italian priest is a man in his 70s, the first old priest we’ve seen and the first that fits my preconceptions of what priests look like. He came out here in his 20s and has lived longer here than in Italy, where he no longer fits in – “don’t understand many of the words people use there now and how they use them Things there have changed so much”. I tell him that the north and Milan, where he comes from, has probably changed far more than the south, and he could maybe try going there. “But what would be the point?” he asks. “My life is in Kenya.”

It’s strange, this army of missionaries, who spend their lives here and yet are not Kenyan and never will be. They belong nowhere but without them, who would feed these hungry people that the government has abandoned?

We leave the Italian and continue south, passing the Equator marker with excitement. There is a bucket and funnel at the base of the marker: pour water down the funnel and it spins clockwise on one side of the marker and anticlockwise on the other. Two sides of our enormous globe, an invisible line taking us from the rich monetary wealth and developed, rich ‘ice-creams’ of the north, to the resource-rich, mineral wealth, but poorly governed human poverty of the ‘ice-cream cones’ of the south.

We journey on, past Mount Kenya (Formerly Africa’s highest mountain), past Lake Naivasha, playground of rich expats and home to the country’s vast export flower industry. Rows of polythene greenhouses fill the landscape like the worst of southern Spain’s Almeria, and the pesticides and fertilisers used, destroy life in the lake. One of the biggest ethical issues though, is that this area is one of Kenya’s most fertile, and instead of growing crops for the nation’s many hungry people, it is growing lilies for sale in supermarkets in England and elsewhere.

We pass refugee camps for displaced people, still homeless after last year’s post-election violence, which saw ordinary people, including children, murdered in the streets by the police and army. While Washington steps up diplomatic pressure and the international community begins the slow process of investigating the horrors, President Mwai Kibake protests these incursions into his sovereignty and talks up his anti-corruption measures, such as new rules saying that all presidential cars must be of the same modest model, doing away with the Hummers and other ridiculous vehicles ministers treat themselves to. It is not enough. Kenyans I talk to can’t wait to see the back of Kibake and his crew, who overstayed their welcome (in stereotypical African style) soon after his 2002 election victory. He will be forced out now, people tell us, but nothing is certain in politics, particularly here.

The brakes continue to play up, and as night falls we become aware of yet another crisis – the headlights keep turning themselves off. We drive for short sections with the road illuminated and are then plunged into darkness, Fabio shielding his eyes from the oncoming trucks’ full-beam headlights. It’s terrifying – the driving and the pot-holed roads are bad enough without this new danger. After a time, we pull into a service station on the outskirts of Nairobi, exhausted. It transpires that part of the problem with the lights’ dimness when they do illuminate is that they are covered with a thick layer of mud. We wash off the worst and continue of to Nairobi, grateful for the traffic jams that reduce everyone’s speed and light the streets.

We arrive at our guesthouse weary but full of admiration and respect for our lovely new friend Fabio – parting from him is difficult after sharing such an adventure, but he has his mission to go to. We wash and get a cab to the upmarket White suburb of Westlands, with its smart colonial houses and vast gardens, to meet an old friend from London, David Cohen (who’s holidaying out here), for dinner. The food is great, although expensive, it’s lovely to see Dave, and I even have a glass of wine – decadence! He’s visiting his brother who moved here recently, and tells us that although the houses are fantastic here, they are like prisons, armed and with people too scared to come and go without protection. The residents know that no one will visit them after dark because of car-jacking, so dinner parties are off. They have guests only for Sunday lunch – strange life.

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